Refractometers

Refractometers are inexpensive pieces of optical devices that measure the refractive index of a liquid in a non-invasive manner. Refractive index refers to the measurement of the speed of light in a medium. When light travels in a certain material, its velocity changes which results to a change in its direction. Refractive index is then measured by dividing the velocity of light in a vacuum to the velocity of light in a given medium. The extent of refraction is directly related to the refractive index.

Each refractometer is designed based on ergonomic standards; its compact and lightweight quality ensures ease of usage and calibration. Most are calibrated with Automatic Temperature Compensation (ATC) and reticle chart for clear and accurate results. Almost all refractometers are handheld and do not require the use of a battery.

There are several types of refractometers depending on their use. The most common is an alcohol refractometer, which is used to calculate the predicted alcohol content of a beverage. It calculates the sugar level, called the Brix degree, which is crucial in determining the desired alcohol content. A high sugar level will result in an increase of percentage Brix. Results can then be converted into the Brix scale.

In a practical sense, alcohol refractometer monitors the best time to manufacture or brew a wine. All that is needed is a few drops of sample to make a reading and a few minutes to carry out the test. The tool gives an accuracy of about ±0.5% alcohol as long as right standards and conditions are met. It can be tested for both raw and brewed samples as long as they are distilled.

Another common type is a salinity refractometer, one that measures salt content. It is used to test and regulate the concentration of salt water and brine. It has a scale for specific and concentration of salt in water, making it a valuable tool for research and clinical laboratories. Salinity refractometers are used in oceanography and seawater studies to determine soil quality. They also provide reliable refractive index and salinity readings of total dissolved solids of aqueous solutions.

BioMCN and EC & F Partnership, Confirmed

BioMCN has recently signed an agreement with ED & F Man for sourcing, risk management, and delivery of crude glycerin from Argentina. Under the agreement, the two Dutch companies will form a consortium and will combine their expertise in sourcing the susbtance. The Latin American country is fast becoming a global producer of biodiesel, in which crude glycerin is a byproduct.

“We are very pleased with this agreement with BioMCN, as we see BioMCN as an important player in the glycerin industry,” said Arie van der Spek, trading director at ED&F Man. “We are proud to be chosen by BioMCN to source their crude glycerin and we look forward to our ongoing relationship with them. We are one of the leading providers of sugar, coffee, financial services and liquid products for feed, food or technical use, such as molasses and glycerin. In our chosen commodities we provide a comprehensive range of supply chain services from production, sourcing, storage, delivery to risk management. This agreement is therefore a perfect fit for both companies.”

ED & F Man is a leading provider of basic commodities, as well as logistics and risk management services. It has more than 4,000 employees working in over 50 countries. On the other hand, BioMCN is one of the largest biodiesel companies worldwide. It specializes in converting glycerin into biomethanol, which can either be used as a feedstock to produce several forms of biodiesel, or mixed with gasoline. The organic substance can also serve as a raw material for plastic and paints.

Several years ago, BioMCN purchased two existing methanol plants that were modified to produce biomethanol, while the second stage of development is slated to be finished in 2013. From its current capacity of 200,000 metric tons, it is expected to double when those plants are fully developed. A separate facility for converting woody biomass into methanol is also under its way.

Rob Voncken, CEO of BioMan, is extremely pleased with the agreement. According to him, ED & F Man was chosen primarily because of its consolidated position in the region. He adds,” Their expertise in shipping bulk products is a valuable addition to our business. Furthermore ED & F Man is ISCC-certified,
meaning that we can demonstrate sustainability of our feedstock throughout the entire supply chain.”

A Monograph of Ethylene Glycol

Ethylene glycol is an organic compound that shares characteristics with related substances like propylene glycol and glycerin – clear, syrupy, and odorless with a sweet taste. Its IUPAC name is ethane-1,2-diol but it is known also as monoethylene glycol. First discovered by Charles-Adolphe Wurtz in 1859, ethylene glycol is now produced through the reaction ethylene oxide with water.

Ethylene glycol mixes with water and attracts moisture, making it a versatile component for different industrial applications. This compound is fairly inexpensive and is readily available. It is mainly used as an antifreeze, which accounts for more than 50% of its global production, while another 40% goes to the production of polyester fibers.

Properties

• ·         Molecular formula: C₂H₆O₂
• ·         Molar mass: 62.07 g mol⁻¹
• ·         Density: 1.1132 g/cm³
• ·         Boiling point: 195°C
• ·         Melting point: -13°C
• ·         Density: 1.115 g/cm³ (20°C)
• ·         Viscosity: 26 cp (15°C)
• ·         Surface tension: 48.4 g/s² (20°C)
• ·         Vapor pressure: 0.06 mmHg (20°C)
• ·         Vapor density: 2.6 (air=1)
• ·         Heat of fusion: 11.2 kJ/mol
• ·         Heat of vaporization: 50.5 kJ/mol
• ·         Heat of combustion: -1036 kJ/mol

Uses

Because of its reactivity and solubility, ethylene glycol is found in household products like detergents, paints, deicers, and cosmetics. Its widespread use as an antifreeze is attributed to its ability to lower the freezing point of water when added. This property also made the glycol an important component for products like heat transfer fluids, coolants deicers, and water-based paints.
Ethylene glycol is also an important precursor for plastic production. It serves as a chemical intermediate for different resins to come up with bottles, lacquers, enamels, synthetic rubbers, and surface coatings. Because of its hygroscopic property, it is also a valuable component of adhesives, artificial leather, paper, textiles, and glue.

Safety

Despite its taste, ethylene glycol is poisonous if swallowed. As such, extreme care is advised when handling the compound. Keep the chemical away from children’s reach and store in a cool, dry place. Ethylene glycol should be kept away from sources of ignition and incompatible substances like chlorosulfonic acid, dimethyl terephthalate, chromium trioxide, potassium permanganate, and sodium peroxide.

When ethylene glycol is swallowed accidentally, victim first experiences symptoms similar to intoxication until more toxic effects become apparent after a few hours. It may include dizziness, vomiting, convulsion, stupor, or if not treated promptly – coma and death. A chemical overdose can damage the brain, lungs, liver, and kidneys. It will take as little as 120 milliliters for the chemical to be fatal.

In cases of ingestion seek immediate medical help. If the victim is alert and conscious, give to four cups of milk or water as a first aid. If the victim is unconscious, never give anything by mouth.